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(詳細はphonological system of the Hawaiian language is based on documentation from those who developed the Hawaiian alphabet during the 1820s as well as scholarly research conducted by lexicographers and linguists from 1949 to present. Hawaiian is known for having very few consonant phonemes — only eight: . There is allophonic variation of with , with , and with . The – variation is highly unusual among the world's languages. Hawaiian has either 5 or 25 vowel phonemes, depending on how long vowels and diphthongs are analyzed. If the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as two-phoneme sequences, then the total of vowel phonemes is five. But if the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as separate, unit phonemes, then the total of vowel phonemes is 25. The short vowel phonemes are . If long vowels are counted separately, they are . If diphthongs are counted separately, they are . There is some allophonic variation of the vowels, but it is nowhere near as dramatic as that of the consonants. Hawaiian syllable structure is (C)V(V) where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Double vowels (VV) may be long vowels or diphthongs. All CV(V) syllables occur except for ''wū''; ''wu'' occurs only in two words borrowed from English. Word stress is predictable in words of one to four syllables, but not in words of five or more syllables. Phonological processes in Hawaiian include palatalization and deletion of consonants, and the raising, diphthongization, deletion, and compensatory lengthening of vowels. Phonological reduction (or "decay") of consonant phonemes during the historical development of Hawaiian has resulted in the phonemic glottal stop. Ultimate loss (deletion) of intervocalic consonant phonemes has resulted in long vowels and diphthongs. ==Phonemes and allophones == The following description of Hawaiian phonemes and their allophones is based on the experiences of the people who developed the Hawaiian alphabet, as described by Schütz, and on the descriptions of Hawaiian pronunciation and phonology made by Lyovin, and Elbert & Pukui. Some additional details on glottal consonants are found in Carter. It is notable that Hawaiian does not distinguish between and ; few languages do not make that distinction. The American missionaries who developed written Hawaiian during the 1820s found that a reflex was common at the Kauai (''Tauai'') end of the island chain, and a reflex at the Big Island (island of Hawaii) end. They decided to use rather than to represent this phoneme. However, that does not prevent anyone from using the ''t'' realization, in speaking or in writing, if they so desire. ''T'' is used more than ''k'' by speakers of Niihau Hawaiian. The missionaries also found allophonic variation between and (written with ''d'') and , between and , and between and . ==Consonants== Hawaiian has one of the smallest consonant inventories (Rotokas, the smallest, has 6) and one of the smallest phoneme inventories. and are reported to be in free variation, although reports of could be a misinterpretation of unaspirated by English speakers. There is basic free variation of and . However, since Hawaiian has no affricates, no fricative besides , and no other stops besides and , any non-labial and non-glottal stop, fricative, or affricate, can function as a . In essence, , , , , , , , , , , , , , can all "work" as an allophone of . Nevertheless, the main allophones noted by the missionaries in the 1820s, and by linguists, are and . Elbert & Pukui point out some instances of a allophone. Schütz conjectured that a ''t''-dialect existed in the northwestern islands, and a ''k''-dialect in the southeastern islands. Roberts documented a sound between that of English and in free variation with among elders from Oahu and Kauai. There is some evidence for instances of free variation between and . There is also free variation between (lateral), (tap), and (approximant). Elbert & Pukui have pointed out some instances of and as allophones. Schütz has conjectured that is prevalent in the northwestern islands and is prevalent in the southeastern islands. There is free variation of and . have conjectured that there is conditioned variation of and , but their use of "usually" makes their theory an admission of free variation. Schütz has conjectured that there was neither nor , but rather "something between the two". This is most likely , a labiodental approximant (see also Schütz's (1994:113) quotes from letter of Artemas Bishop). Carter〔 has shown instances of synchronic alternation of every non-glottal Hawaiian consonant with glottal fricative and glottal stop . (See Hawaiian phonology#Glottal stop) There are also instances of variation with zero allophones. For example: ('turn'); ('variety of shark'). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hawaiian phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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